1 00:00:01,702 --> 00:00:03,127 Narrator: This is the story of america 2 00:00:03,203 --> 00:00:06,538 Seen in color for the very first time. 3 00:00:06,549 --> 00:00:11,468 Many immigrants' first sight of america is lady liberty. 4 00:00:11,545 --> 00:00:16,965 In 1936, president roosevelt celebrates her 50th birthday. 5 00:00:16,976 --> 00:00:19,051 Franklin roosevelt: Out of the melting pot, 6 00:00:19,061 --> 00:00:21,887 The rich promise which the new world held out 7 00:00:21,897 --> 00:00:24,890 To those who came to it from many lands 8 00:00:24,900 --> 00:00:28,310 Is finding fulfillment. 9 00:00:28,320 --> 00:00:30,404 Narrator: She's a symbol of america-- 10 00:00:30,481 --> 00:00:32,531 Land of opportunity. 11 00:00:36,153 --> 00:00:38,829 The idea attracts millions. 12 00:00:42,293 --> 00:00:44,251 Some seek freedom. 13 00:00:46,330 --> 00:00:48,797 Others look for opportunity. 14 00:00:51,010 --> 00:00:54,428 At first many enter easily... 15 00:00:54,505 --> 00:01:00,425 But america's arms are not always open... 16 00:01:00,436 --> 00:01:03,595 And immigrants' loyalty will be tested. 17 00:01:03,606 --> 00:01:08,525 Fritz kuhn: You all have heard of me as a creature with horns. 18 00:01:08,602 --> 00:01:10,444 Narrator: But making it in america 19 00:01:10,521 --> 00:01:14,114 Remains a powerful dream. 20 00:01:14,191 --> 00:01:15,607 Frank sinatra: And here's where I do all my cooking 21 00:01:15,618 --> 00:01:17,451 And make the spaghetti and the sauce. 22 00:01:20,114 --> 00:01:23,207 Narrator: This is the story of coming to america 23 00:01:23,283 --> 00:01:26,034 As you've never seen it before. 24 00:01:26,045 --> 00:01:31,289 ♪ 25 00:01:31,300 --> 00:01:34,760 [indistinct shouting] 26 00:01:37,890 --> 00:01:39,881 John kennedy: I want us to recapture that... 27 00:01:39,892 --> 00:01:44,812 ♪ 28 00:01:48,984 --> 00:01:51,902 ♪ 29 00:01:51,979 --> 00:01:56,156 [bell clanging] 30 00:01:58,235 --> 00:02:00,160 Narrator: At the turn of the century, 31 00:02:00,246 --> 00:02:01,745 Thomas edison's film crew 32 00:02:01,822 --> 00:02:04,156 Shoots the earliest footage of immigrants arriving 33 00:02:04,166 --> 00:02:07,709 After up to eight days crossing the atlantic. 34 00:02:11,748 --> 00:02:13,999 America's "open door" policy 35 00:02:14,009 --> 00:02:17,469 Means almost all europeans are welcome. 36 00:02:21,675 --> 00:02:27,012 This is ellis island immigration station in new york harbor. 37 00:02:27,022 --> 00:02:32,184 In 1907 the facility processes over a million migrants-- 38 00:02:32,194 --> 00:02:36,196 Its busiest year ever. 39 00:02:36,282 --> 00:02:37,606 The greatest numbers come 40 00:02:37,616 --> 00:02:40,784 From Italy, austria-hungary and russia. 41 00:02:43,622 --> 00:02:48,450 New arrivals await examination by immigration officials... 42 00:02:48,460 --> 00:02:52,337 Who check they have enough money to support themselves. 43 00:02:57,461 --> 00:03:01,471 In less than five hours, almost all are through. 44 00:03:03,726 --> 00:03:06,310 The salvation army offers one lucky group 45 00:03:06,386 --> 00:03:09,229 Celebratory doughnuts. 46 00:03:09,315 --> 00:03:11,723 [cheering] 47 00:03:11,734 --> 00:03:13,892 They're making a fresh start, 48 00:03:13,903 --> 00:03:17,863 And they'll go on to settle in every corner of the country. 49 00:03:21,577 --> 00:03:26,914 Sarah unobskey, a russian jew, comes to america in 1905. 50 00:03:29,168 --> 00:03:32,827 Her family's home movies-- aired here for the first time-- 51 00:03:32,838 --> 00:03:36,798 Show them picnicking in summer 1929. 52 00:03:41,180 --> 00:03:42,429 The unobskeys are among 53 00:03:42,506 --> 00:03:45,340 Two million russian and eastern european jews 54 00:03:45,351 --> 00:03:49,427 Who arrive between 1880 and 1914, 55 00:03:49,438 --> 00:03:52,022 Fleeing persecution and poverty. 56 00:03:56,487 --> 00:04:00,697 That cowpoke is sarah's grandson joe. 57 00:04:00,774 --> 00:04:04,534 The family throw themselves into american life. 58 00:04:06,697 --> 00:04:08,113 [bicycle bell rings] 59 00:04:08,123 --> 00:04:11,283 In 1911 the unobskeys move to calais, 60 00:04:11,293 --> 00:04:14,786 A small town in maine. 61 00:04:14,797 --> 00:04:18,123 On main street they open unobskey's store, 62 00:04:18,133 --> 00:04:20,959 Selling clothes. 63 00:04:20,970 --> 00:04:26,798 They're orthodox jews, but they have to adapt to the new land. 64 00:04:26,809 --> 00:04:31,770 They break the jewish sabbath and open the store on saturdays. 65 00:04:35,401 --> 00:04:37,317 The move pays off. 66 00:04:37,486 --> 00:04:40,487 Over 30 years unobskey's grows, 67 00:04:40,564 --> 00:04:43,657 Becoming one of the town's biggest businesses. 68 00:04:46,495 --> 00:04:48,161 Their films are proof 69 00:04:48,238 --> 00:04:50,580 That home movies of american grandkids 70 00:04:50,657 --> 00:04:56,494 Are almost as old as movie cameras themselves. 71 00:04:56,505 --> 00:04:59,256 Sarah's sons, arthur-- the cameraman-- 72 00:04:59,333 --> 00:05:00,749 Charles and bill 73 00:05:00,759 --> 00:05:02,417 Carry on the family trade, 74 00:05:02,428 --> 00:05:06,138 Living their version of the american dream. 75 00:05:08,434 --> 00:05:11,685 [film projector running] 76 00:05:11,762 --> 00:05:15,347 In the 1910s the message to many newcomers 77 00:05:15,357 --> 00:05:17,265 Is that the key to their success 78 00:05:17,276 --> 00:05:21,528 Is to be like the unobskeys and become more american. 79 00:05:23,440 --> 00:05:27,367 Meet pete, fictional hero of a federal government film 80 00:05:27,444 --> 00:05:29,778 Aimed at new immigrants. 81 00:05:29,788 --> 00:05:32,789 Pete only speaks his native italian. 82 00:05:32,866 --> 00:05:37,085 With no english, the best he can do is unskilled labor. 83 00:05:39,456 --> 00:05:43,458 He can't read a warning sign and hurts himself badly. 84 00:05:43,469 --> 00:05:44,593 [thud] 85 00:05:47,598 --> 00:05:49,047 But when he gets with the program 86 00:05:49,058 --> 00:05:51,141 And studies english at night school, 87 00:05:51,218 --> 00:05:53,468 He turns his life around. 88 00:05:53,479 --> 00:05:56,396 He gets a better job, falls in love, 89 00:05:56,523 --> 00:05:59,358 And now he's a perfect citizen. 90 00:06:05,991 --> 00:06:09,567 The ford motor company employs 13,000, 91 00:06:09,578 --> 00:06:12,662 Almost three quarters of whom are immigrants. 92 00:06:12,739 --> 00:06:16,083 The company uses its americanization program 93 00:06:16,159 --> 00:06:18,168 To control them. 94 00:06:18,245 --> 00:06:21,922 From 1914, ford workers born overseas 95 00:06:21,998 --> 00:06:24,716 Have to attend english lessons. 96 00:06:27,003 --> 00:06:29,638 Teachers drill them on basic grammar. 97 00:06:32,559 --> 00:06:34,601 At a special graduation ceremony, 98 00:06:34,678 --> 00:06:36,261 Workers are made to March 99 00:06:36,271 --> 00:06:39,514 Through an enormous model melting pot. 100 00:06:39,525 --> 00:06:43,935 Symbolically it boils away their old immigrant identity, 101 00:06:43,946 --> 00:06:46,354 Indoctrinates them with company values 102 00:06:46,365 --> 00:06:50,283 And transforms them into model americans. 103 00:06:55,040 --> 00:06:56,865 [cheering] 104 00:06:56,875 --> 00:06:58,783 Still so far from home, 105 00:06:58,794 --> 00:07:04,714 Many immigrants decide it's better to stick together. 106 00:07:04,791 --> 00:07:08,793 San francisco, 1921. 107 00:07:08,804 --> 00:07:10,628 Little Italy in north beach 108 00:07:10,639 --> 00:07:14,141 Is bustling with familiar shops and businesses. 109 00:07:18,689 --> 00:07:20,063 On montgomery street, 110 00:07:20,140 --> 00:07:24,309 Amadeo giannini runs his new bank of Italy. 111 00:07:24,319 --> 00:07:28,238 In time it becomes the bank of america. 112 00:07:28,315 --> 00:07:29,573 [horn blows] 113 00:07:33,570 --> 00:07:36,404 That November the italian community turns out 114 00:07:36,415 --> 00:07:41,084 To welcome a visiting italian warship, the libya. 115 00:07:41,161 --> 00:07:42,794 [cannon fires] 116 00:07:43,580 --> 00:07:45,046 [horn blasts] 117 00:07:46,500 --> 00:07:50,177 Recording the occasion is young filmmaker frank capra-- 118 00:07:50,253 --> 00:07:55,348 Seen here wearing boots and chomping a cigar. 119 00:07:55,425 --> 00:07:58,343 Capra, who came to america at the age of 5, 120 00:07:58,353 --> 00:08:01,429 Becomes a renowned hollywood director 121 00:08:01,440 --> 00:08:05,025 Thanks to classics like "it's a wonderful life." 122 00:08:08,697 --> 00:08:12,282 At the fior d'italia, one of the oldest italian restaurants 123 00:08:12,359 --> 00:08:13,783 In the united states, 124 00:08:13,860 --> 00:08:17,537 He films the libya's crew enjoying a grand dinner. 125 00:08:17,706 --> 00:08:21,950 ♪ 126 00:08:21,960 --> 00:08:24,702 But these aren't the only recent arrivals 127 00:08:24,713 --> 00:08:28,873 Building something like home in this new world. 128 00:08:28,884 --> 00:08:33,470 ♪ 129 00:08:41,480 --> 00:08:47,225 Alongside little Italy is america's oldest chinatown. 130 00:08:47,236 --> 00:08:50,570 The chinese-style architecture and exotic shops 131 00:08:50,656 --> 00:08:53,073 Make it a magnet for tourists. 132 00:08:57,496 --> 00:09:03,825 Captain h.J. Lewis is a popular chinatown guide. 133 00:09:03,835 --> 00:09:08,746 In 1912 he produces this filmed version of his tour, 134 00:09:08,757 --> 00:09:12,259 Promising to reveal the real chinatown. 135 00:09:14,004 --> 00:09:20,433 A lady with bound feet, strange chinese vegetables 136 00:09:21,094 --> 00:09:26,606 And a butcher with a contraption for flattening live geese. 137 00:09:26,683 --> 00:09:30,610 Lewis's film presents chinatown as an exotic spectacle 138 00:09:30,687 --> 00:09:33,688 For american moviegoers to marvel at. 139 00:09:33,699 --> 00:09:35,115 The people are real, 140 00:09:35,191 --> 00:09:39,444 But lewis's camera mostly sees stereotypes. 141 00:09:39,454 --> 00:09:42,122 Films like this only deepen concerns 142 00:09:42,198 --> 00:09:46,418 About immigrants' influence on established white values. 143 00:09:47,713 --> 00:09:50,630 And when dramatic events shake the country, 144 00:09:50,707 --> 00:09:54,175 America's immigrants will come under attack. 145 00:10:00,550 --> 00:10:06,137 June 2, 1919. 146 00:10:06,148 --> 00:10:08,064 Italian anarchists bomb 147 00:10:08,141 --> 00:10:12,235 Attorney general a. Mitchell palmer's washington home. 148 00:10:16,408 --> 00:10:18,232 It's one of eight anarchist bombs 149 00:10:18,243 --> 00:10:21,328 To explode in cities across the country. 150 00:10:24,074 --> 00:10:28,752 Palmer and his family are badly shaken, but escape harm. 151 00:10:34,084 --> 00:10:37,418 The bombs add fuel to anti-immigrant feeling 152 00:10:37,429 --> 00:10:40,889 And give the government an excuse to take action. 153 00:10:43,176 --> 00:10:48,021 Palmer's justice department launches raids in 30 cities-- 154 00:10:48,098 --> 00:10:50,649 Including this one in chicago. 155 00:10:54,938 --> 00:10:57,438 Police arrest around 5,000 156 00:10:57,449 --> 00:11:01,201 Suspected italian and eastern european radicals... 157 00:11:01,277 --> 00:11:04,704 And seize communist literature. 158 00:11:04,781 --> 00:11:07,707 Many of those targeted are innocent. 159 00:11:07,784 --> 00:11:12,712 Those found who are not yet u.S. Citizens can be deported. 160 00:11:12,789 --> 00:11:19,043 ♪ 161 00:11:19,054 --> 00:11:24,724 In December 1919, 249 alleged communist sympathizers 162 00:11:24,801 --> 00:11:28,886 Are sent back to russia on a ship dubbed "the soviet ark." 163 00:11:28,897 --> 00:11:31,731 [horn blast] 164 00:11:31,808 --> 00:11:35,276 The government is delighted to see them go. 165 00:11:37,063 --> 00:11:41,074 [horn blasts] 166 00:11:44,904 --> 00:11:48,748 January 1, 1920. 167 00:11:48,834 --> 00:11:51,993 The census records that 14 million new immigrants 168 00:11:52,003 --> 00:11:53,753 Since the turn of the century 169 00:11:53,830 --> 00:12:00,668 Have taken the u.S. Population past the 100 million mark. 170 00:12:00,679 --> 00:12:03,179 Critics of uncontrolled immigration 171 00:12:03,256 --> 00:12:06,340 Allege this flood of new arrivals is overwhelming 172 00:12:06,351 --> 00:12:10,770 What they claim is the country's "original stock" 173 00:12:10,847 --> 00:12:14,774 Of northern european immigrants. 174 00:12:14,851 --> 00:12:19,362 Nativists demand that america pulls in the welcome mat. 175 00:12:24,119 --> 00:12:28,029 Washington, may 1924. 176 00:12:28,039 --> 00:12:30,790 President calvin coolidge and his government 177 00:12:31,001 --> 00:12:34,794 Back a new immigration reform bill. 178 00:12:34,963 --> 00:12:37,464 The 1924 immigration act 179 00:12:37,540 --> 00:12:42,802 Ends an era of uncontrolled entry to america. 180 00:12:42,879 --> 00:12:45,805 It introduces the first permanent quotas 181 00:12:45,932 --> 00:12:49,801 On most migrants in america's history 182 00:12:49,811 --> 00:12:55,190 And reinforces earlier bans on almost all asian migrants. 183 00:12:55,725 --> 00:12:58,810 [crying] 184 00:12:58,820 --> 00:13:02,238 Representative albert johnson, sponsor of the act, 185 00:13:02,315 --> 00:13:07,202 Declares it will put a stop to "a stream of alien blood." 186 00:13:15,578 --> 00:13:20,164 One-year-old japanese american akira kawasaki and his family 187 00:13:20,175 --> 00:13:26,846 Now find themselves in an increasingly hostile country. 188 00:13:26,923 --> 00:13:30,258 His father, yasujiro, moved to little tokyo 189 00:13:30,268 --> 00:13:34,521 In downtown los angeles, long before the clampdown. 190 00:13:37,359 --> 00:13:40,852 In yasujiro's rarely seen home movies, 191 00:13:40,862 --> 00:13:44,864 Japanese-american life in the '30s comes alive. 192 00:13:47,536 --> 00:13:52,205 At the dock seeing off friends and family visiting from japan, 193 00:13:52,282 --> 00:13:54,448 Passengers throw streamers. 194 00:13:54,459 --> 00:13:58,878 Loved ones hold on tight until the ship pulls away. 195 00:14:01,383 --> 00:14:05,793 In 1934 he films the country's first ever nisei week, 196 00:14:05,804 --> 00:14:09,430 A festival of japanese culture in los angeles. 197 00:14:15,564 --> 00:14:19,807 Movie star charlie chaplin, a great admirer of japan, 198 00:14:19,818 --> 00:14:21,734 Stops by. 199 00:14:28,827 --> 00:14:31,569 The kawasakis are doing well. 200 00:14:31,580 --> 00:14:35,415 Yasujiro puts up this commercial building in little tokyo-- 201 00:14:35,491 --> 00:14:38,334 In the shadow of l.A.'s city hall. 202 00:14:38,411 --> 00:14:43,331 ♪ 203 00:14:43,341 --> 00:14:47,677 But california law bars japanese-born yasujiro 204 00:14:47,754 --> 00:14:49,679 From owning property. 205 00:14:49,756 --> 00:14:53,308 He has to title the building in his daughter's name. 206 00:14:56,512 --> 00:15:01,766 The kawasakis know that many americans don't want them here. 207 00:15:01,776 --> 00:15:04,777 They accept discrimination as the price they pay 208 00:15:04,854 --> 00:15:06,946 For life in the u.S. 209 00:15:07,023 --> 00:15:09,532 Others aren't so willing. 210 00:15:09,609 --> 00:15:12,785 [explosions] 211 00:15:15,874 --> 00:15:18,875 Panama, 1911. 212 00:15:22,205 --> 00:15:24,789 On a strip of american territory, 213 00:15:24,799 --> 00:15:27,959 The united states is building a modern marvel-- 214 00:15:27,969 --> 00:15:32,680 A canal linking the atlantic and the pacific. 215 00:15:34,184 --> 00:15:35,883 Doing the back-breaking work 216 00:15:35,894 --> 00:15:39,979 Are 30,000 black migrant laborers from the caribbean. 217 00:15:44,069 --> 00:15:47,728 Marcus garvey, a visiting jamaican journalist, 218 00:15:47,739 --> 00:15:51,991 Is appalled by the conditions they endure. 219 00:15:52,068 --> 00:15:54,986 White workers make more. 220 00:15:54,996 --> 00:15:58,406 Black caribbean workers live in segregated housing, 221 00:15:58,416 --> 00:16:01,709 And their children go to segregated schools. 222 00:16:05,248 --> 00:16:07,498 When they finish the panama canal, 223 00:16:07,509 --> 00:16:11,719 Thousands migrate to america, seeking a better life. 224 00:16:15,091 --> 00:16:17,508 Harlem, hub of black new york, 225 00:16:17,519 --> 00:16:21,095 Becomes home to many caribbean immigrants, 226 00:16:21,106 --> 00:16:24,765 Including marcus garvey. 227 00:16:24,776 --> 00:16:27,768 This is the only known footage of garvey. 228 00:16:27,779 --> 00:16:32,824 It's from a 1920 March for his new "back to africa" movement. 229 00:16:37,122 --> 00:16:41,624 Many garveyites helped build the panama canal. 230 00:16:43,870 --> 00:16:45,044 [horse neighs] 231 00:16:45,121 --> 00:16:46,629 Garvey denounces racism 232 00:16:46,706 --> 00:16:49,048 Against these recently arrived black migrants 233 00:16:49,259 --> 00:16:50,875 And african americans 234 00:16:50,885 --> 00:16:54,971 And tells them their future lies in africa. 235 00:16:55,048 --> 00:16:59,559 He sports the military uniform of a national leader. 236 00:16:59,635 --> 00:17:01,886 Marcus garvey: We are raising the cry of africa 237 00:17:01,896 --> 00:17:05,857 For the africans, those at home and those abroad. 238 00:17:07,277 --> 00:17:08,976 Narrator: To carry followers there, 239 00:17:08,987 --> 00:17:12,071 He launches the black star shipping line. 240 00:17:12,282 --> 00:17:14,482 But the business goes bust. 241 00:17:14,492 --> 00:17:17,318 Garvey is imprisoned for fraud. 242 00:17:17,328 --> 00:17:21,205 He and his followers call the charges bogus. 243 00:17:23,826 --> 00:17:27,754 In 1927 he's deported to jamaica. 244 00:17:31,167 --> 00:17:35,428 A reminder that assimilation in america is more complicated 245 00:17:35,505 --> 00:17:38,097 Than the myth of the melting pot. 246 00:17:43,262 --> 00:17:49,108 Most newcomers arrive through america's ports, 247 00:17:49,185 --> 00:17:51,519 But mexicans have been moving back and forth 248 00:17:51,529 --> 00:17:55,114 Across the almost 2,000-mile-long land border 249 00:17:55,283 --> 00:17:59,285 For decades. 250 00:17:59,362 --> 00:18:01,779 The 1924 immigration act 251 00:18:01,790 --> 00:18:05,950 Imposes no quota on mexicans entering the u.S., 252 00:18:05,960 --> 00:18:10,797 And in the 1920s nearly half a million move to america. 253 00:18:13,459 --> 00:18:15,209 In the early 20th century, 254 00:18:15,220 --> 00:18:19,388 Texas rangers carry out sporadic border patrols. 255 00:18:21,309 --> 00:18:25,061 Ranger captain charles stevens, a former sheriff, 256 00:18:25,138 --> 00:18:26,554 Is as eager as his men 257 00:18:26,564 --> 00:18:30,483 To demonstrate ranger-grade riding and sharpshooting. 258 00:18:31,811 --> 00:18:34,737 [gunshots] 259 00:18:37,400 --> 00:18:39,158 [horse neighs] 260 00:18:39,235 --> 00:18:43,154 The u.S. Border patrol is established in 1924. 261 00:18:43,164 --> 00:18:47,583 It's the first force devoted to guarding america's borders. 262 00:18:50,088 --> 00:18:53,172 The border patrol academy in el paso, texas, 263 00:18:53,249 --> 00:18:54,757 Opens ten years later. 264 00:18:54,834 --> 00:18:58,970 Here new recruits demonstrate impressive horsemanship. 265 00:19:01,099 --> 00:19:03,182 They're given a badge and a gun, 266 00:19:03,259 --> 00:19:07,687 But they provide their own horse and saddle. 267 00:19:07,763 --> 00:19:11,932 With only 250 officers to monitor the entire border, 268 00:19:11,943 --> 00:19:15,695 It's clear that security here isn't a top priority. 269 00:19:20,785 --> 00:19:24,203 Although mexicans find it easy to cross over, 270 00:19:24,280 --> 00:19:29,116 Americans often treat them as second-class citizens. 271 00:19:29,127 --> 00:19:31,535 Many, like antonio fuentes, 272 00:19:31,546 --> 00:19:36,966 Work hard to establish themselves as real americans. 273 00:19:37,043 --> 00:19:39,468 Antonio emigrates to corpus christi, texas, 274 00:19:39,545 --> 00:19:43,222 As a young man, where he opens a local store. 275 00:19:43,433 --> 00:19:48,519 ♪ 276 00:19:53,818 --> 00:19:56,736 His rare home movies show family life 277 00:19:56,812 --> 00:20:00,656 With wife josefina and their five children. 278 00:20:02,735 --> 00:20:04,827 These are some of the earliest films 279 00:20:04,904 --> 00:20:09,248 Made by a mexican american in texas. 280 00:20:09,325 --> 00:20:14,170 Here antonio jr. Discovers the thrills and spills 281 00:20:14,247 --> 00:20:16,747 Of three wheels. 282 00:20:16,758 --> 00:20:21,260 The fuentes raise their children to be patriotic americans. 283 00:20:21,337 --> 00:20:28,175 [children chattering] 284 00:20:28,186 --> 00:20:30,269 ♪ 285 00:20:30,355 --> 00:20:32,680 In 1929 antonio films 286 00:20:32,690 --> 00:20:35,524 Corpus christi's growing mexican population 287 00:20:35,601 --> 00:20:40,187 As it turns out for the city's independence day parade. 288 00:20:40,198 --> 00:20:45,534 ♪ 289 00:20:45,611 --> 00:20:49,029 He supports the order of the sons of america, 290 00:20:49,040 --> 00:20:50,373 One of texas's first 291 00:20:50,449 --> 00:20:55,878 Mexican-american civil rights organizations. 292 00:20:55,955 --> 00:20:58,872 The order emphasizes that assimilation 293 00:20:58,883 --> 00:21:02,301 Is the best route to acceptance for its members. 294 00:21:02,428 --> 00:21:09,308 ♪ 295 00:21:09,394 --> 00:21:12,636 Ellis island, 1932. 296 00:21:12,647 --> 00:21:14,981 In the depths of the great depression, 297 00:21:15,057 --> 00:21:18,985 America no longer looks like a land of opportunity. 298 00:21:19,061 --> 00:21:22,146 This isn't a stream of new arrivals-- 299 00:21:22,156 --> 00:21:27,318 This year 300,000 immigrants say goodbye to the american dream. 300 00:21:27,328 --> 00:21:30,246 Woman: Well, I just want to say that I would like to go home, 301 00:21:30,323 --> 00:21:33,332 Because I hope my husband will get work back home. 302 00:21:33,501 --> 00:21:35,126 He didn't get it here. 303 00:21:37,338 --> 00:21:38,754 Narrator: In an american first, 304 00:21:38,831 --> 00:21:42,717 More people leave this year than arrive. 305 00:21:44,429 --> 00:21:48,264 And some who stay will struggle to survive. 306 00:21:49,559 --> 00:21:56,355 ♪ 307 00:21:56,524 --> 00:22:02,353 1930, brooklyn's ocean parkway. 308 00:22:02,363 --> 00:22:04,363 As the great depression bites, 309 00:22:04,449 --> 00:22:09,360 Young italian immigrants spend their weeks looking for work. 310 00:22:09,370 --> 00:22:11,203 But plenty devote their weekends 311 00:22:11,280 --> 00:22:16,375 To races organized by the unione sportiva italiana cycling club, 312 00:22:16,461 --> 00:22:20,621 Founded in 1908. 313 00:22:20,631 --> 00:22:24,708 The city's italian community are passionate cyclists. 314 00:22:24,719 --> 00:22:27,294 ♪ 315 00:22:27,305 --> 00:22:29,388 The thrill of the open road, 316 00:22:29,599 --> 00:22:31,390 Friendly competition 317 00:22:31,559 --> 00:22:33,392 And a little flirting. 318 00:22:33,519 --> 00:22:36,896 ♪ 319 00:22:36,972 --> 00:22:39,807 The club is still going strong today. 320 00:22:39,817 --> 00:22:43,861 It's part of the glue that binds this community together. 321 00:22:49,318 --> 00:22:54,488 In 1930, the world's most famous physicist, albert einstein, 322 00:22:54,499 --> 00:22:57,416 Is met by adoring crowds in new york. 323 00:22:57,627 --> 00:22:58,992 He's just visiting, 324 00:22:59,003 --> 00:23:02,004 But before long he and many other german jews 325 00:23:02,081 --> 00:23:05,257 Will be hoping to make a permanent home here. 326 00:23:05,334 --> 00:23:08,427 He's asked his opinion on prohibition. 327 00:23:08,504 --> 00:23:10,587 [speaking german] 328 00:23:10,598 --> 00:23:12,005 [laughter] 329 00:23:12,016 --> 00:23:15,008 He doesn't drink, so he doesn't care! 330 00:23:15,019 --> 00:23:19,763 Group: Einstein! Rah rah rah! Rah rah rah! 331 00:23:19,774 --> 00:23:21,440 Narrator: In california he's greeted 332 00:23:21,567 --> 00:23:23,934 By excited cheerleaders. 333 00:23:23,945 --> 00:23:27,029 [applause] 334 00:23:30,701 --> 00:23:33,452 The next summer, he's back home in germany, 335 00:23:33,529 --> 00:23:36,622 At his cottage outside berlin. 336 00:23:36,699 --> 00:23:40,376 Einstein, seen here in pajamas with wife elsa, 337 00:23:40,453 --> 00:23:44,797 Fears his days in his beloved homeland are numbered. 338 00:23:50,304 --> 00:23:51,554 The nazis' rise to power 339 00:23:51,630 --> 00:23:55,474 Means jews like einstein are openly persecuted. 340 00:23:55,560 --> 00:24:02,398 ♪ 341 00:24:02,475 --> 00:24:04,892 German students burn his books, 342 00:24:04,902 --> 00:24:09,897 Along with others by authors the nazis consider subversive. 343 00:24:09,907 --> 00:24:12,491 And he, along with all other jews, 344 00:24:12,568 --> 00:24:15,411 Is banned from teaching at universities. 345 00:24:18,833 --> 00:24:24,912 In 1933 einstein renounces his german citizenship. 346 00:24:24,922 --> 00:24:28,415 He seeks sanctuary in america. 347 00:24:28,426 --> 00:24:32,094 His status means that, unlike most jewish refugees, 348 00:24:32,171 --> 00:24:35,422 He's welcomed with open arms. 349 00:24:35,433 --> 00:24:38,559 ♪ 350 00:24:42,690 --> 00:24:45,941 Long island, 1937. 351 00:24:46,018 --> 00:24:49,686 Einstein's good friend and accountant leo mattersdorf 352 00:24:49,697 --> 00:24:52,448 Catches him off duty in his home movies... 353 00:24:55,953 --> 00:24:58,779 Chatting with leo's wife, jeanne, 354 00:24:58,789 --> 00:25:02,291 And playing with their daughter stephanie. 355 00:25:02,368 --> 00:25:08,297 Safe in america, einstein knows he's one of the lucky few. 356 00:25:08,374 --> 00:25:11,383 "I am almost ashamed to be living in such peace 357 00:25:11,460 --> 00:25:15,804 While all the rest struggle," he writes. 358 00:25:15,881 --> 00:25:18,557 He campaigns on behalf of refugees 359 00:25:18,726 --> 00:25:21,477 And rails against fascism. 360 00:25:21,554 --> 00:25:24,980 But he'll never call germany home again. 361 00:25:30,312 --> 00:25:33,155 As political tensions in europe mount, 362 00:25:33,232 --> 00:25:37,326 Many german immigrants will feel that they have to take sides. 363 00:25:38,746 --> 00:25:40,404 Marlene dietrich 364 00:25:40,414 --> 00:25:43,999 Is one of germany's most celebrated movie stars. 365 00:25:44,076 --> 00:25:46,743 She arrives in hollywood in 1930 366 00:25:46,754 --> 00:25:50,247 In search of international fame and fortune. 367 00:25:50,258 --> 00:25:52,216 She achieves both. 368 00:25:54,178 --> 00:25:56,595 Her home movies show her enjoying the good life 369 00:25:56,672 --> 00:26:01,600 In beverly hills in the early '30s. 370 00:26:01,677 --> 00:26:04,645 Her icy beauty is legendary. 371 00:26:08,192 --> 00:26:10,767 In private she's just as glamorous 372 00:26:10,778 --> 00:26:13,779 But far more mischievous. 373 00:26:13,856 --> 00:26:19,109 In 1937 dietrich vacations in austria. 374 00:26:19,120 --> 00:26:21,361 She's proud of her german roots 375 00:26:21,372 --> 00:26:25,782 And enjoys posing in traditional dress, 376 00:26:25,793 --> 00:26:29,369 As does her fellow hollywood star and lover, 377 00:26:29,380 --> 00:26:31,672 Douglas fairbanks, jr. 378 00:26:36,387 --> 00:26:37,878 When she stops in london, 379 00:26:37,888 --> 00:26:41,307 Nazi agents ask dietrich to come home to germany 380 00:26:41,383 --> 00:26:44,643 To make propaganda films for the third reich. 381 00:26:44,720 --> 00:26:49,222 But she's a staunch opponent of the nazis and refuses. 382 00:26:52,061 --> 00:26:54,895 Back in america dietrich leaves no doubt 383 00:26:54,905 --> 00:26:58,657 About where her loyalties lie. 384 00:26:58,826 --> 00:27:05,664 In 1939 she renounces germany and becomes a u.S. Citizen. 385 00:27:05,833 --> 00:27:10,669 But a few german americans will follow a very different path. 386 00:27:12,581 --> 00:27:15,591 New york, 1937. 387 00:27:15,668 --> 00:27:18,177 [cheering] 388 00:27:18,253 --> 00:27:20,763 A group of boys set off for summer camp, 389 00:27:20,839 --> 00:27:25,008 Upstate in the catskill mountains. 390 00:27:25,019 --> 00:27:29,271 This looks like a typical american rite of passage. 391 00:27:29,348 --> 00:27:31,098 [bugles playing] 392 00:27:31,108 --> 00:27:33,067 A bugle wakes them. 393 00:27:36,864 --> 00:27:39,490 They cook around a campfire... 394 00:27:43,871 --> 00:27:45,779 And get back to nature 395 00:27:45,790 --> 00:27:49,708 With plenty of outdoor activities. 396 00:27:49,785 --> 00:27:52,961 But these are no boy scouts... 397 00:27:53,038 --> 00:27:56,540 And this is no ordinary summer camp. 398 00:27:56,550 --> 00:28:01,720 It's one of a dozen or so run by the german-american bund, 399 00:28:01,797 --> 00:28:03,964 A new grassroots organization 400 00:28:03,974 --> 00:28:09,052 That's the american arm of hitler's third reich. 401 00:28:09,063 --> 00:28:11,730 It aims to indoctrinate young german americans 402 00:28:11,899 --> 00:28:14,316 In nazi ideology. 403 00:28:18,480 --> 00:28:22,324 The bund's leader, fritz kuhn, is a german immigrant 404 00:28:22,401 --> 00:28:26,829 With u.S. Citizenship dubbed the "american fuhrer." 405 00:28:31,410 --> 00:28:32,751 [cheering] 406 00:28:32,920 --> 00:28:35,579 Bund members meet at rallies like this one 407 00:28:35,589 --> 00:28:40,050 In hindenburg park, los angeles, in 1936. 408 00:28:42,596 --> 00:28:47,257 The organization claims it has a membership of 100,000, 409 00:28:47,268 --> 00:28:49,852 Though the true figure is far lower. 410 00:28:51,847 --> 00:28:54,273 They say they're patriotic citizens, 411 00:28:54,349 --> 00:28:59,445 But they fly the nazi flag and give the "heil hitler" salute. 412 00:28:59,521 --> 00:29:02,448 [singing] 413 00:29:02,524 --> 00:29:08,111 ♪ 414 00:29:08,122 --> 00:29:10,697 But 6,000 miles away in germany, 415 00:29:10,708 --> 00:29:17,463 Ordinary jews still see america as a safe haven from the nazis. 416 00:29:17,539 --> 00:29:22,468 Benno thorsch owns a successful camera business in dresden. 417 00:29:25,047 --> 00:29:26,805 His remarkable home movies 418 00:29:26,882 --> 00:29:31,059 Record the nazis' unstoppable March to war. 419 00:29:31,136 --> 00:29:33,637 As nazis fill dresden's streets, 420 00:29:33,647 --> 00:29:38,275 Thorsch realizes that as a jew he's no longer safe here. 421 00:29:41,489 --> 00:29:43,730 He knows that he and his children, 422 00:29:43,741 --> 00:29:47,493 Irmgard and bernward, must get out. 423 00:29:48,904 --> 00:29:51,246 [laughing] 424 00:29:51,323 --> 00:29:56,502 ♪ 425 00:29:56,578 --> 00:29:58,837 In an extraordinary twist of fate, 426 00:29:58,964 --> 00:30:01,164 He swaps his dresden camera factory 427 00:30:01,175 --> 00:30:03,258 For a detroit photo business, 428 00:30:03,335 --> 00:30:06,762 Owned by a german looking to return home. 429 00:30:10,017 --> 00:30:12,851 After emigrating in March 1938, 430 00:30:12,928 --> 00:30:16,429 The family makes a fresh start in a motor city suburb, 431 00:30:16,440 --> 00:30:19,358 Messing around in their new backyard. 432 00:30:23,030 --> 00:30:26,198 In 1944 they move to los angeles, 433 00:30:26,275 --> 00:30:30,869 Where thorsch opens another camera shop. 434 00:30:31,080 --> 00:30:36,375 His second wife, edith, and son bernward work in the store. 435 00:30:36,451 --> 00:30:40,453 Thorsch is a big fan of pranks. 436 00:30:40,464 --> 00:30:42,005 [screams] 437 00:30:43,384 --> 00:30:47,886 When he's not working, he enjoys the fruits of his success. 438 00:30:47,963 --> 00:30:50,305 His porsche is a prized possession. 439 00:30:51,884 --> 00:30:55,227 Thorsch's shop becomes a studio city institution-- 440 00:30:55,304 --> 00:30:59,898 One of its future customers will be a young steven spielberg. 441 00:31:02,111 --> 00:31:04,895 [ship horn blows] 442 00:31:04,905 --> 00:31:10,659 But not all jewish refugees are as lucky as the thorsches. 443 00:31:10,736 --> 00:31:12,652 In may 1939, 444 00:31:12,663 --> 00:31:16,623 The st. Louis ocean liner docks in havana, cuba. 445 00:31:19,253 --> 00:31:23,130 Over 900 german jews are on board. 446 00:31:26,001 --> 00:31:27,334 They're fleeing europe 447 00:31:27,344 --> 00:31:30,637 Just a few months before the outbreak of the war. 448 00:31:34,009 --> 00:31:36,935 But the strongly anti-immigrant cuban government 449 00:31:37,021 --> 00:31:38,178 Turns them away, 450 00:31:38,188 --> 00:31:41,565 So the st. Louis sails towards america. 451 00:31:47,698 --> 00:31:50,949 The ship's captain asks president roosevelt 452 00:31:51,118 --> 00:31:53,952 To accept the refugees, 453 00:31:54,029 --> 00:31:56,204 But the 1924 immigration act 454 00:31:56,281 --> 00:31:58,957 Means the annual quota for german migrants 455 00:31:59,084 --> 00:32:00,367 Is already full, 456 00:32:00,377 --> 00:32:03,962 And he refuses to grant them asylum. 457 00:32:04,039 --> 00:32:07,958 The ship is forced to turn back. 458 00:32:07,968 --> 00:32:10,969 When belgium, the netherlands, britain and France 459 00:32:11,046 --> 00:32:12,804 Offer the refugees shelter, 460 00:32:12,881 --> 00:32:16,883 They believe they've at last been saved. 461 00:32:16,894 --> 00:32:18,977 Newsreel announcer: For these few who have escaped, 462 00:32:19,146 --> 00:32:20,979 Penniless but undaunted, 463 00:32:21,056 --> 00:32:23,231 Life still looks sweet. 464 00:32:27,062 --> 00:32:29,738 Narrator: But 254 of these refugees 465 00:32:29,815 --> 00:32:32,148 Will not survive the war; 466 00:32:32,159 --> 00:32:35,619 They will die in nazi concentration camps. 467 00:32:36,321 --> 00:32:41,375 ♪ 468 00:32:43,745 --> 00:32:48,832 It's not just in nazi germany that jews are under attack. 469 00:32:48,842 --> 00:32:51,718 February 20, 1939. 470 00:32:53,097 --> 00:32:54,763 In the heart of new york, 471 00:32:54,840 --> 00:32:59,017 20,000 members of the pro-nazi german-american bund 472 00:32:59,144 --> 00:33:02,187 Gather at madison square garden. 473 00:33:05,100 --> 00:33:09,528 On stage is a 30-foot poster of president george washington, 474 00:33:09,604 --> 00:33:13,240 Who's celebrated as "the first fascist." 475 00:33:15,869 --> 00:33:20,038 Bund leader fritz kuhn addresses his loyal followers. 476 00:33:20,207 --> 00:33:23,450 [cheering] 477 00:33:23,460 --> 00:33:26,036 Kuhn: American patriots... 478 00:33:26,046 --> 00:33:28,455 You all have heard of me, 479 00:33:28,465 --> 00:33:31,049 Through the jewish-controlled press, 480 00:33:31,218 --> 00:33:38,056 As a creature with horns, a cloven hoof, and a long tail. 481 00:33:38,267 --> 00:33:40,308 [laughter and applause] 482 00:33:40,385 --> 00:33:42,802 Narrator: Kuhn-- a vehement anti-semite-- 483 00:33:42,813 --> 00:33:49,476 Labels president roosevelt's new deal the "jew deal." 484 00:33:49,486 --> 00:33:53,730 The bund represents a tiny proportion of america, 485 00:33:53,741 --> 00:33:57,367 And this rally horrifies the vast majority. 486 00:33:59,321 --> 00:34:05,083 Outside, anti-nazi demonstrators clash with police. 487 00:34:05,252 --> 00:34:08,244 With war in europe just months away, 488 00:34:08,255 --> 00:34:11,256 The government faces the terrifying prospect 489 00:34:11,333 --> 00:34:15,427 That some immigrants will side with the enemy. 490 00:34:20,309 --> 00:34:22,759 In 1940, with europe at war, 491 00:34:22,770 --> 00:34:26,596 Some 3.5 million foreigners without u.S. Citizenship 492 00:34:26,607 --> 00:34:29,107 Are required to register with the government 493 00:34:29,234 --> 00:34:32,444 And have their fingerprints taken. 494 00:34:32,521 --> 00:34:34,112 Government propaganda makes clear 495 00:34:34,323 --> 00:34:38,108 That foreigners must now prove their allegiance to america. 496 00:34:38,118 --> 00:34:40,443 Woman: America has admitted you with open arms. 497 00:34:40,454 --> 00:34:43,863 You owe it to america to register now, today, at once. 498 00:34:43,874 --> 00:34:48,118 Man: And thus show your loyalty to the united states. 499 00:34:48,128 --> 00:34:55,050 ♪ 500 00:35:00,140 --> 00:35:02,390 Narrator: Crystal city, texas. 501 00:35:04,311 --> 00:35:05,969 At first glance this looks 502 00:35:05,979 --> 00:35:10,899 Like a typical slice of american suburbia. 503 00:35:10,976 --> 00:35:15,403 But it's actually the country's largest internment camp. 504 00:35:17,065 --> 00:35:21,067 After the u.S. Enters the war in December 1941, 505 00:35:21,078 --> 00:35:23,570 Germans, japanese and italians 506 00:35:23,580 --> 00:35:26,656 Are now considered america's enemies. 507 00:35:26,667 --> 00:35:32,170 They're rounded up and interned at camps across the country. 508 00:35:32,247 --> 00:35:36,499 Over 4,000 people of japanese, german or italian ancestry 509 00:35:36,510 --> 00:35:42,097 Are held here, including 1,600 children. 510 00:35:42,174 --> 00:35:45,183 Crystal city is run by the immigration authority, 511 00:35:45,269 --> 00:35:49,062 Who produced this rose-tinted look at life there. 512 00:35:51,316 --> 00:35:54,109 Woman: Each housing unit was furnished with running water, 513 00:35:54,186 --> 00:35:56,019 An ice box, beds and linen, 514 00:35:56,029 --> 00:35:59,114 A chair, some with toilet facilities. 515 00:35:59,191 --> 00:36:03,276 ♪ 516 00:36:03,287 --> 00:36:05,120 Narrator: The film completely ignores 517 00:36:05,197 --> 00:36:08,114 The harsh reality of camp life. 518 00:36:08,125 --> 00:36:11,376 Most camps were far more primitive. 519 00:36:11,453 --> 00:36:13,453 Its upbeat simulation of normality 520 00:36:13,463 --> 00:36:18,124 Jars against the truth: This is a prison. 521 00:36:18,135 --> 00:36:19,634 Woman: This swimming pool 522 00:36:19,711 --> 00:36:23,221 Helped greatly to relieve the monotony of detention, 523 00:36:23,298 --> 00:36:24,797 And as you see, 524 00:36:24,808 --> 00:36:28,143 It was particularly beneficial to the children. 525 00:36:28,220 --> 00:36:29,227 [bell rings] 526 00:36:29,304 --> 00:36:31,229 Narrator: The trauma of incarceration 527 00:36:31,315 --> 00:36:33,064 Will long outlast the war. 528 00:36:33,141 --> 00:36:36,985 Audrey neugebauer is here because her father is german. 529 00:36:37,062 --> 00:36:40,313 This photo shows her in front of the camp school. 530 00:36:40,324 --> 00:36:43,816 Even at age 8 she knows the score. 531 00:36:43,827 --> 00:36:45,902 "I knew we were incarcerated. 532 00:36:45,913 --> 00:36:48,238 We were behind barbed wire fences 533 00:36:48,248 --> 00:36:53,168 And there were guard stations with guns." 534 00:36:53,245 --> 00:36:54,744 With america at war, 535 00:36:54,755 --> 00:36:58,924 Most immigrants are keen to prove their patriotism. 536 00:36:59,000 --> 00:37:04,679 [applause] 537 00:37:04,756 --> 00:37:08,675 In the '30s, italian-american director frank capra 538 00:37:08,685 --> 00:37:11,603 Is on a winning streak. 539 00:37:11,680 --> 00:37:14,847 He collects three academy awards-- 540 00:37:14,858 --> 00:37:17,901 The first for "it happened one night." 541 00:37:19,771 --> 00:37:22,522 But four days after pearl harbor, 542 00:37:22,532 --> 00:37:25,024 He quits hollywood. 543 00:37:25,035 --> 00:37:28,036 He joins the army to make war information films 544 00:37:28,113 --> 00:37:30,947 That, he says, will explain to soldiers 545 00:37:30,958 --> 00:37:33,041 "why the hell they're in uniform." 546 00:37:33,118 --> 00:37:35,293 Film narrator: The chips are down, 547 00:37:35,379 --> 00:37:38,463 Two worlds stand against each other. 548 00:37:38,540 --> 00:37:40,873 Narrator: Capra's film "prelude to war," 549 00:37:40,884 --> 00:37:43,218 With graphics by walt disney, 550 00:37:43,295 --> 00:37:45,962 Makes such a powerful case for going to war 551 00:37:45,973 --> 00:37:49,716 That it plays in movie theaters nationwide. 552 00:37:49,726 --> 00:37:52,218 Film narrator: Remember these faces. 553 00:37:52,229 --> 00:37:54,980 If you ever meet them, don't hesitate. 554 00:37:55,056 --> 00:37:58,316 ♪ 555 00:37:58,443 --> 00:38:02,779 Narrator: Capra considers the films his most important works. 556 00:38:05,409 --> 00:38:07,734 At u.S. Army camp hale, 557 00:38:07,744 --> 00:38:11,413 9,000 feet up in colorado's rocky mountains, 558 00:38:11,489 --> 00:38:14,657 Norwegian immigrants are training hard. 559 00:38:14,668 --> 00:38:18,837 ♪ 560 00:38:18,913 --> 00:38:22,749 This is norwegian american bjarne aanning. 561 00:38:22,759 --> 00:38:27,170 In 1943 he's drafted into the 99th battalion, 562 00:38:27,180 --> 00:38:30,515 A special unit made up of norwegian americans, 563 00:38:30,592 --> 00:38:33,310 Nicknamed "the vikings." 564 00:38:34,846 --> 00:38:38,848 Aanning carries his kodak camera everywhere. 565 00:38:38,859 --> 00:38:41,526 He films the vikings taking to the slopes 566 00:38:41,603 --> 00:38:43,770 And mastering mountain warfare 567 00:38:43,780 --> 00:38:47,449 As they prepare to liberate norway from the nazis. 568 00:38:51,863 --> 00:38:53,780 Conditions are harsh-- 569 00:38:53,790 --> 00:38:58,293 Those backpacks weigh around 90 pounds. 570 00:38:58,370 --> 00:39:02,380 But the men have the weasel, an early snowmobile, 571 00:39:02,507 --> 00:39:04,799 To help take the strain. 572 00:39:09,464 --> 00:39:13,058 As it turns out, most vikings don't see action in norway; 573 00:39:13,134 --> 00:39:17,303 Instead they serve in France and belgium. 574 00:39:17,314 --> 00:39:19,397 Just some of the millions of immigrants 575 00:39:19,608 --> 00:39:21,808 On the frontline and the homefront 576 00:39:21,818 --> 00:39:25,812 Doing their duty by their adopted country. 577 00:39:25,822 --> 00:39:27,405 Ingrid bergman: Since I've been here in the united states 578 00:39:27,574 --> 00:39:30,408 I have received many letters from my friends in sweden 579 00:39:30,494 --> 00:39:31,651 Asking one thing-- 580 00:39:31,661 --> 00:39:34,829 Tell us about the swedes in america. 581 00:39:34,906 --> 00:39:38,825 Narrator: In 1943 swedish film star ingrid bergman 582 00:39:38,835 --> 00:39:42,829 Presents this government film "swedes in america." 583 00:39:42,839 --> 00:39:47,842 ♪ 584 00:39:47,919 --> 00:39:51,921 In the midst of war, the film reminds americans 585 00:39:51,932 --> 00:39:55,767 That it's immigrants who built the nation. 586 00:39:55,844 --> 00:39:57,852 Bergman travels to minnesota 587 00:39:57,929 --> 00:40:02,932 To meet some of her fellow two million swedish americans. 588 00:40:02,943 --> 00:40:06,277 She lends a hand on the farm... 589 00:40:06,354 --> 00:40:11,032 And visits lindstrom, known as america's "little sweden." 590 00:40:11,109 --> 00:40:13,284 Bergman: There's something special about lindstrom. 591 00:40:13,361 --> 00:40:15,862 Every Thursday the town turns out, all of them, 592 00:40:15,872 --> 00:40:18,698 To broom and scrub the streets. 593 00:40:18,708 --> 00:40:20,700 Narrator: Immigrants, bergman says, 594 00:40:20,710 --> 00:40:24,036 Infuse america with this community spirit. 595 00:40:24,047 --> 00:40:25,964 Bergman: As a pioneer country, 596 00:40:26,040 --> 00:40:29,050 America has always been a place where neighbor helps neighbor. 597 00:40:29,127 --> 00:40:33,346 It was the swedes who helped to organize that spirit. 598 00:40:35,809 --> 00:40:37,633 Narrator: When the war ends, 599 00:40:37,644 --> 00:40:39,811 A new wave of immigrants will arrive 600 00:40:39,888 --> 00:40:41,813 Hoping that they too will find 601 00:40:41,890 --> 00:40:45,316 A corner of the country to call home. 602 00:40:45,393 --> 00:40:49,696 ♪ 603 00:40:53,485 --> 00:40:59,956 After the war, around 35,000 gis bring home japanese war brides. 604 00:41:01,418 --> 00:41:05,253 From the 1940s, america begins to lift restrictions 605 00:41:05,330 --> 00:41:07,297 On asian immigrants. 606 00:41:10,010 --> 00:41:13,428 The u.S. Army believes these women need a crash course 607 00:41:13,505 --> 00:41:15,388 On american life. 608 00:41:17,342 --> 00:41:20,518 They get tutorials on the latest technology, 609 00:41:20,604 --> 00:41:22,520 From vacuum cleaners... 610 00:41:22,606 --> 00:41:24,314 To toasters. 611 00:41:26,935 --> 00:41:31,029 They learn to bake the perfect american pie. 612 00:41:31,105 --> 00:41:35,992 And make-up classes help them achieve that american look. 613 00:41:41,533 --> 00:41:43,041 [applause] 614 00:41:43,117 --> 00:41:45,877 But this patronizing u.S. Army film-- 615 00:41:45,954 --> 00:41:49,631 About miwako and her g.I. Husband walter-- 616 00:41:49,707 --> 00:41:53,551 Suggests the american dream won't come easy. 617 00:41:53,762 --> 00:41:56,128 Miwako: Walter's mother was friendly, 618 00:41:56,139 --> 00:41:59,057 But I wondered if she was wishing 619 00:41:59,133 --> 00:42:03,553 That walter had married an american girl. 620 00:42:03,563 --> 00:42:06,564 Narrator: Plenty of americans still regard the japanese 621 00:42:06,641 --> 00:42:08,566 As enemies. 622 00:42:08,693 --> 00:42:13,488 Walter: We did get a look of real resentment from one woman; 623 00:42:13,565 --> 00:42:16,074 She had lost a son at iwo jima. 624 00:42:18,152 --> 00:42:20,912 Narrator: But like generations of immigrants before her, 625 00:42:20,989 --> 00:42:24,874 Miwako wins over her new american relations. 626 00:42:27,587 --> 00:42:30,171 [laughter] 627 00:42:33,927 --> 00:42:36,586 While some assimilate, many immigrants 628 00:42:36,596 --> 00:42:39,672 Who've been in america half a century or more 629 00:42:39,683 --> 00:42:41,266 At last see their culture go 630 00:42:41,342 --> 00:42:45,845 From the margins to the mainstream. 631 00:42:45,855 --> 00:42:49,607 The bobby soxers sport their trademark ankle socks 632 00:42:49,684 --> 00:42:51,901 Even in the depths of winter. 633 00:42:53,780 --> 00:42:55,697 They're the devoted teenage fans 634 00:42:55,773 --> 00:42:59,867 Of singer and movie star frank sinatra. 635 00:42:59,944 --> 00:43:02,287 He's one of a new generation of entertainers 636 00:43:02,363 --> 00:43:06,207 Bringing immigrant culture to the masses. 637 00:43:06,284 --> 00:43:09,627 [applause] 638 00:43:09,704 --> 00:43:10,953 [cheering] 639 00:43:10,964 --> 00:43:13,715 Sinatra is the child of italian immigrants 640 00:43:13,791 --> 00:43:16,968 With a classic rags-to-riches story-- 641 00:43:17,045 --> 00:43:19,470 From a tenement in hoboken, new jersey, 642 00:43:19,547 --> 00:43:23,466 He makes it all the way to hollywood. 643 00:43:23,476 --> 00:43:26,394 Bob hope: Mr. Smooth himself, the old collapso singer, 644 00:43:26,471 --> 00:43:27,553 Frank sinatra. 645 00:43:27,564 --> 00:43:28,554 [applause] 646 00:43:28,565 --> 00:43:35,061 ♪ 647 00:43:35,071 --> 00:43:36,821 Sinatra: ♪ mm, Saturday night ♪ 648 00:43:36,898 --> 00:43:41,659 ♪ is the loneliest night of the week ♪ 649 00:43:41,870 --> 00:43:44,737 ♪ I sing the song that I sang ♪ 650 00:43:44,748 --> 00:43:48,249 ♪ for the memories I usually seek ♪ 651 00:43:48,326 --> 00:43:50,251 ♪ 652 00:43:50,328 --> 00:43:52,170 Narrator: With his seductive singing style, 653 00:43:52,246 --> 00:43:55,089 Based on the italian bel canto tradition, 654 00:43:55,166 --> 00:43:58,676 Sinatra rules the airwaves. 655 00:43:58,753 --> 00:44:04,423 ♪ Saturday night is the loneliest night of the week ♪ 656 00:44:04,434 --> 00:44:06,434 ♪ 657 00:44:06,511 --> 00:44:09,929 Narrator: In 1956 he gives newsman ed murrow 658 00:44:09,939 --> 00:44:12,598 A tour of his new beverly hills home. 659 00:44:12,609 --> 00:44:16,602 Ed murrow: Tell me, frank, what room are we in now? 660 00:44:16,613 --> 00:44:17,695 Sinatra: Isn't this lovely? 661 00:44:17,772 --> 00:44:19,105 Murrow: That's the kitchen. 662 00:44:19,115 --> 00:44:20,448 Sinatra: And here's where I do all my cooking 663 00:44:20,525 --> 00:44:21,616 And make the spaghetti and the sauce... 664 00:44:21,693 --> 00:44:23,109 Murrow: Uh-huh. 665 00:44:23,119 --> 00:44:25,119 Sinatra: ...And the meatballs and all that great food. 666 00:44:25,196 --> 00:44:27,789 Narrator: Sinatra knows americans now have an appetite 667 00:44:27,865 --> 00:44:31,459 For italian food, as well as italian singing. 668 00:44:31,536 --> 00:44:33,294 Sinatra: And I have a surprise for you. 669 00:44:33,371 --> 00:44:35,129 We have two pizzas here. You see that? 670 00:44:35,206 --> 00:44:36,714 -Murrow: Ah, wonderful. -Sinatra: Isn't that beautiful? 671 00:44:36,925 --> 00:44:37,882 I wish you could join me in a bite. 672 00:44:37,959 --> 00:44:39,300 Murrow: So do I. 673 00:44:39,377 --> 00:44:40,635 Sinatra: Sometime when you come out, 674 00:44:40,712 --> 00:44:41,627 We'll come out, have dinner. 675 00:44:41,638 --> 00:44:47,058 ♪ 676 00:44:47,135 --> 00:44:52,638 Narrator: Salisbury beach, massachusetts, the late 1950s. 677 00:44:52,649 --> 00:44:56,225 These home movies capture a new summertime tradition-- 678 00:44:56,236 --> 00:45:01,489 Lining up for a 10-cent slice of cristy's sicilian pizza. 679 00:45:04,327 --> 00:45:07,653 As the nation's tastes become more adventurous, 680 00:45:07,664 --> 00:45:11,624 Americans embrace foods once considered foreign. 681 00:45:14,078 --> 00:45:17,913 Before the war, pizza is seen as poor man's food-- 682 00:45:17,924 --> 00:45:21,500 It's mainly found in italian neighborhoods. 683 00:45:21,511 --> 00:45:24,929 But when italian americans sam and caroline cristaldi 684 00:45:25,006 --> 00:45:27,682 Open cristy's in 1955, 685 00:45:27,759 --> 00:45:33,345 Pizza is well on its way to becoming an american staple. 686 00:45:33,356 --> 00:45:37,775 Before long, every town will boast a pizza parlor. 687 00:45:37,944 --> 00:45:40,194 ♪ 688 00:45:44,284 --> 00:45:49,695 From pizzas to tacos to chinese food, 689 00:45:49,706 --> 00:45:52,790 Immigrant imports will soon challenge the hamburger 690 00:45:53,001 --> 00:45:56,544 For a place on american tables. 691 00:45:56,621 --> 00:46:01,799 ♪ 692 00:46:01,926 --> 00:46:04,802 In the early '60s a new wave of immigrants 693 00:46:04,929 --> 00:46:06,804 Will face that same journey 694 00:46:06,890 --> 00:46:11,726 As those who arrived at the beginning of the century. 695 00:46:11,803 --> 00:46:16,814 This is the de la cova family, who come to america in 1961, 696 00:46:16,891 --> 00:46:19,984 Two years after the cuban revolution. 697 00:46:22,822 --> 00:46:26,073 Their home movies show them building a new life in america 698 00:46:26,150 --> 00:46:27,825 With their five kids. 699 00:46:27,952 --> 00:46:33,080 ♪ 700 00:46:33,157 --> 00:46:35,741 They settle in louisville, kentucky, 701 00:46:35,752 --> 00:46:40,838 Where father rene films all the family's milestones. 702 00:46:40,915 --> 00:46:43,749 Here daughters lourdes and ana maria 703 00:46:43,760 --> 00:46:46,585 Celebrate their first holy communion. 704 00:46:46,596 --> 00:46:52,266 ♪ 705 00:46:52,343 --> 00:46:54,352 Although they're new arrivals, 706 00:46:54,428 --> 00:46:56,687 Their hopes and dreams are the same as those 707 00:46:56,764 --> 00:47:00,566 Of millions of other immigrants who've gone before. 708 00:47:02,436 --> 00:47:07,022 On a trip to miami beach, the family are in good company. 709 00:47:07,033 --> 00:47:09,450 In the 15 years after the revolution, 710 00:47:09,527 --> 00:47:12,119 More than half a million of their fellow cubans 711 00:47:12,196 --> 00:47:15,623 Also make america their home, 712 00:47:15,700 --> 00:47:19,210 Bringing their distinct culture to this corner of the country 713 00:47:19,287 --> 00:47:22,630 And joining the ranks of proud americans. 714 00:47:22,707 --> 00:47:29,554 ♪ 715 00:47:31,465 --> 00:47:36,477 By 1960 almost 23 million immigrants have come to america 716 00:47:36,554 --> 00:47:39,313 Since the turn of the century. 717 00:47:39,390 --> 00:47:43,067 They've struggled to find their feet, to fit in 718 00:47:43,144 --> 00:47:45,736 And ultimately to flourish. 719 00:47:45,813 --> 00:47:47,905 ♪ 720 00:47:47,982 --> 00:47:49,815 [laughing] 721 00:47:49,826 --> 00:47:52,660 ♪ 722 00:47:52,737 --> 00:47:56,747 In the process, they've changed the face of america. 723 00:47:56,824 --> 00:47:58,958 ♪